Slavery Life On The Plantations Essay Example For Students

Slavery Life On The Plantations Essay Slave Life The warm climate, boundless fields of fertile soil, long growing seasons, and numerous waterways provided favorable conditions for farming plantations in the South (Foster). The richness of the South depended on the productivity of the plantations (Katz 3-5). With the invention of the cotton gin, expansion of the country occurred. This called for the spread of slavery (Foster). Slaves, owned by one in four families, were controlled from birth to death by their white owners. Black men, women, and children toiled in the fields and houses under horrible conditions (Katz 3-5). The slave system attempted to destroy black family structure and take away human dignity (Starobin 101). Slaves led a hard life on the Southern plantations. Most slaves were brought from Africa, either kidnapped or sold by their tribes to slave catchers for violating a tribal command. Some were even traded for tobacco, sugar, and other useful products (Cowan and Maguire 5:18). Those not killed or lucky e nough to escape the slave-catching raids were chained together (Foster). The slaves had no understanding of what was happening to them. They were from different tribes and of different speaking languages. Most captured blacks had never seen the white skinned foreigners who came on long, strange boats to journey them across the ocean. They would never see their families or native lands again. These unfortunate people were shackled and crammed tightly into the holds of ships for weeks. Some refused to eat and others committed suicide by jumping overboard (Foster). When the ships reached American ports, slaves were unloaded into pens to be sold at auctions to the highest bidder. One high-priced slave compared auction prices with another, saying, quot;You wouldnt fetch bout fifty dollas, but Im wuth a thousandquot; (qtd. in Foster). At the auctions, potential buyers would examine the captives muscles and teeth. Mens and womens bodies were exposed to look for lash marks. No marks on a bo dy meant that he or she was an obedient person. The slaves were required to dance or jump around to prove their limberness. Young, fair-skinned muttaloes, barely clothed and ready to be sold to brothel owners, were kept in private rooms (Foster). It was profitable to teach the slaves skills so that during the crop off-season they could be hired out to work. Although they were not being paid, some were doing more skilled work than poor whites were. The better behaved slaves were allowed to be carpenters, masons, bricklayers, or iron workers. The construction of bridges, streets, canals, railroad lines, public buildings, and private homes was made possible by using slave labor (Cowan and Maguire 5:44). Slaves had no rights. This was done to keep them from revolting against their masters or attaining too much power (Katz 3-5). They were not allowed to communicate with each other or have meetings of any sort. To leave the plantation, a worker was required to have a pass signed by the ma ster and overseer. Slaves could not own property, although some masters authorized it. Knives, guns, or any kind of weapon was not allowed. Forced separation of family members was a constant, dreadful threat (Foster). ;quot;It was de saddes thing dat ever happen to me,quot; one slave recalls of the sale of her sister, whom she never saw again (qtd. in Foster). Blacks received harsher criminal sentencing than whites, regardless of the crime (Cowan and Maguire 5:17). Marriage between slaves was not legally recognized, but owners encouraged it because a more stable environment was created. Married couples with children were less likely to attempt escape. Unfortunately, there usually was not a suitable mate choice among the slaves, so most remained single (Starobin 7). Rebel slaves would recruit Indians, poor whites, and anti-slavery persons to attack all white men, women, and children (Starobin 123-26). These uprisings occurred with at least one major revolt per generation (Starobin 98 ). Most rebellions were led by skilled artisans and industrial workers. The slaves depended on midnight surprise attacks and support from many (Starobin 124). They would set fire to buildings; while the whites were extinguishing the flames, angry slaves would assault them from behind (Starobin 123-26). Owners were forced to quot;sleep with one eye openquot; in case the large masses of slaves decided to uprise (qtd. in Foster). On a much smaller scale, slaves expressed their hate by refusing their duties, performing slow and sloppy work, stealing goods, fighting with overseers, sabotaging machinery and tools, and resisting the white culture forced upon them (Starobin 98-99). Some attempted to run away. They sought refuge in mountains and swamps. Professional slave catchers used bloodhound dogs to track down runaways. Sometimes handbills with the description of the slave were printed and distributed through several communities. In some cases, after a few days or weeks in the wildernes s, a slave would give up hope and return to his master. Very few runaways escaped to freedom. Captured slaves would be beaten, burned, or killed as an example to other slaves (Foster). Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment for disorderly slaves (David et al. 63-68). Rewards were handed out to the fastest and most productive cotton pickers. One might receive extra food rations or a new set of clothing. Some earned assignment to tasks of choice. Permission to visit a neighboring plantation might be given or a trip to town might be planned. Some overseers gave out small amounts of money to buy tobacco, jewelry, or trinkets from peddlers (David et al. 69-70). Overwork pay was another favorable prize, but few slaveowners used this method (Starobin 7). A slave was considered lucky if he got to be a house servant. House servants were considered the quot;aristocrats of slaveryquot; (qtd. in Ploski and Williams 1438). They were the best behaved and most submissive, occasiona lly even the mixed offspring of the master himself. The house servants were raised in belief that they were superior to other slaves in status and importance (Starobin 63). Intimate friendships often formed between master and messenger (Ploski and Williams 1438). Young black boys and girls were sometimes adopted into the family (Katz 4-5). House slaves were allowed to practice trades such as tailoring and masonry. Some were permitted to study music and teach. Duties of the housekeeper were managing the house, caring for the children, and driving the buggy; they basically catered to the masters requests (Ploski and Williams 1438). A slaveowner might enlist the help of his servant to spy on overseers and tattle on other slaves (Starobin 63). Most house slaves lived in the same house as the master (Ploski and Williams 1438). The majority of house servants were women; therefore, they were open and vulnerable to sexual abuse. They were unsafe from lusty masters and overseers, even fellow slave men, who ignored state laws against rape. Powerless women were forced into prostitution. The slave woman suffered most by the white ;quot;fiends who bear the shape of men.;quot; (qtd. in Foster). Fortunately this seldomly occurred (Foster). Sometimes a willing relationship between master and slave evolved (Ploski and Williams 1438). Field hands met a much harsher fate. ;quot;Unrelieved horror and vicious cruelty;quot; described the day-to-day life of a field hand (qtd. in Katz 3). They were in charge of sowing, reaping, and planting commercial crops like cotton and tobacco under the watchful eye of unmerciful overseers (Ploski and Williams 1437). They worked in all weather conditions from sunup to sundown every day. Slaves were rarely used to grow grains such as wheat, rye, and barley because they were considered unsuitable to handle it (Katz 4-5). Field laborers cared for equipment and kept gardens in shape (Ploski and Williams 1437). When the need for soldiers arose during war, some blacks enlisted into the militia, either willingly or by force from the master (Cowan and Maguire 5: 17). Masters kept food, clothing, and shelter at bare minimum to reduce costs (Starobin 7). Often workers were given a small shack with no windows, a bare dirt floor, and a leaky roof. Several families might live in one crowded room. They were allowed corn or rice, maybe a bucket a week, and rarely received meat as a food staple. The field slaves were very malnourished. The slaves were given one set of clothing to wear for years, and most did not have shoes (Ploski and Williams 1439). As a result of the poor living conditions, disease and death rates were kept high (Starobin 7). Most adult slaves were worked to death in eight to ten years (Ploski and Williams 1437). Slavery was a terrible institution. It took peoples lives and tore them apart. Many black people suffered for decades. Slaves were exposed to prejudice and inhuman treatment. They lived in unthinkable conditions , stripped of their dignity and rights as human beings. Slavery changed the path of history forever. Works Cited Cowan, Tom, and Jack Maguire. Timelines in American History. New York: Perigee Books, 1994. David, Paul, et al. Reckoning with Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Foster, Stephen T. The Civil War Collection. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974. Katz, William Loren, ed. Slavery to Civil War. Vol 2. New York: Franklin Watts, 1974. Ploski, Harry A., and James Williams. Reference Library of Black America. Vol 5. New York: Gale Research, 1990. Starobin, Robert S., Blacks in Bondage. 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Gender Stratification in Education, Work, and Family

Introduction After class and race, the most important dimensions of inequality in modern societies are gender and age. Gender refers to a set of culturally conditioned traits associated with maleness or femaleness (Kornblum 328). There are two sexes, male and female which are biologically determined statuses and two genders, masculine and feminine which are socially constructed ways of being a man or a woman.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Stratification in Education, Work, and Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A gender role is a set of behaviors considered appropriate for individuals of a particular gender. Controversies over whether women in the armed forces can serve in combat or whether men with children ought to be eligible for family leave from work are examples of issues arising out of the definition of gender roles. All human societies are stratified by gender, meaning that males and females are channeled into specific statuses and roles. Comments such as, be a man or she is a real lady, often serve to remind us that our behavior is or is not conforming to the role expectations associated with our particular gender. When women’s roles are thought to require male direction, as is the case in many households and organizations, the unequal treatment of men and women is directly related to gender roles. The roles assigned to men and women are accorded differing amounts of income, power, or prestige, and these forms of inequality contribute to the society’s system of stratification. According to Kornblum, recent research has expanded the understanding of gender in society by demonstrating that gender stratification is a feature of organizations of all kinds, and not merely an attribute of individuals and their roles (329). The advantages of the male gender role in American society have long been noted. Men earn higher salaries and often command more respect th an women do. One reason traditionally male occupations are attractive to women, for example, is that they are more positively valued than women’s occupations. Closely related to the perceived higher status of the male role is the power that accompanies this more valued position. The higher status of the male gender role has been offered as a reason why women’s gender role violation is viewed more positively than men’s similar violations (Unger 224). Gender as Social Construction and Social Structure To sociologists, gender is not simply something that individuals have. It is something that is constantly recreated in individual socialization, in medical and cultural practices, and in social interaction. Similarly, sociologists describe gender as an attribute not only of individuals but also of social structures.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the time th ey are born, girls are treated in one way and boys in another. They are, for example, wrapped in blue blankets or pink, encouraged to take up sports or sewing, and described as cute or as strong before they are old enough to truly exhibit individual personalities (Brinkerhoff et al. 202). In this way, children are made to learn their gender and gender roles from a very early age. Studies have, however indicated that when parents do not exhibit gender stereotype behavior or punish their children for cross gender behavior, we end up with a more civilized society. As a result of this learning process, boy and girls develop strong ideas about what is appropriate for girls and what is appropriate for boys. However, since boys are punished more than girls for exhibiting cross gender behavior, they tend to be especially rigid in their ideas of what girls and boys ought to do. Girls are freer to engage in cross gender behavior than boys. Improvement of Gender Relations over the Years Accord ing to Howe, men are these days living in less gender traditional families unlike in the past (93). In general, men are becoming less gender biased and are looking for something more than what traditional gender expectations can provide for them. The feminist movements have not only benefitted the lives of women, but have changed many men’s lives as well. For example, men no longer think that it is acceptable to beat or rape their wives, actions which were accepted as men’s rights in previous generations. Unfortunately, men are still growing up in a world that expects them to be aggressive, assertive, and accomplished. In addition, men are also expected to be tender, emotional, and open with their partners. The society expects them to be physically strong yet not dominate in the work place. They are expected to play well with others in work teams and listen to their partners at home. However, boys are generally not socialized to practice these skills as they grow up (H owe 94). Over the years, several laws and policies have been created to enhance gender relations. They include Policy on Gender and Development by the African Development Bank, requiring that gender be mainstreamed in all of the Bank’s operations, and Social Protection Strategy that seeks to eliminate any form of discrimination. Predictions about the Future of Gender Relations To improve gender relations even further, organizations such as Promise Keepers bring thousands of men together in large stadiums to discuss how they have let their important role in their families to disintegrate. The goal of these organizations is to help men reclaim their spiritual responsibility as servant leaders in the home.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Stratification in Education, Work, and Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though Promise Keepers is a conservative Christian movement, it stemmed from the N ew Age, leftist liberal men’s movement of the 1970s and 1980s when scores of men would go into the woods, beat drums, and openly share about the pain and isolation they felt as boys and men trying to conform to rigid gender role expectations. The liberal men’s movement sought to free men from narrowly defined gender stereotypes and stilted emotional lives. They built a brotherhood of open, caring, sensitive men who wanted to connect emotionally with their families. In a similar vein, the Promise Keepers group attempts to create a brotherhood of men working toward restoring wives’ and children’s love and faith in men as the religious and moral leaders of the home. Promise Keepers seek to tear down the commercialization of masculinity, through belittling macho exploits that objectify sex and violence. They want their members to reject the need for power and money, stop starving for a capitalist dream, and start striving for family harmony and strong marriag es. They encourage men to turn off their television sets and talk to their families. In this brotherhood, men feel safe sharing their fears and deepest feelings, their sense of failure over not achieving high powered careers, and their sense of disconnection from their wives. They aspire to lead but also to serve their wives. As men strive to maintain traditional conservative gender roles, they are also seeking to redefine masculinity and create a sensitive, open, and economically connected modern patriarch. Women often have the responsibility for the spiritual and moral upbringing of the next generation. Some conservative scholars, however, feel that we can not put these important goals in the hands of the government by increasing our use of day care centers for children. They argue that women have high levels of role strain due partly to the media and the public disparaging traditional women’s work and the roles of their stay at home as wife and mother. As noted by Klein, g ender relations may also be enriched through an educational process (539). Feminist Movements within the United States To appreciate the historic significance of the woman suffrage movement, it is necessary to understand the degree to which women expected the vote to lead to a total transformation of their lives. Apparently, this had to do with changes taking place in the family, its relation to society, and woman’s role within it.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historically, the woman’s role has been shaped by her position in the family. Because the traditional family was the site of production and closely integrated with all forms of community life, women were recognized as participants in the larger world of the society. However, the family’s central importance in social organization meant that the patriarchal relations between men and women that characterized family life were carried into all other aspects of society as well. Until the development of women’s rights and woman suffrage politics, the major approach to improving women’s status came from domestic reformers, such as Catharine Beecher. To retrieve some of the social recognition that women were losing as production and other aspects of social life moved away from the home, domestic reformers called for an elevation of women’s status in the family, and for increased recognition of the contribution that domestic relations made to community life in general. They did not challenge the relegation of women to the domestic sphere, but only the relationship between that sphere and the rest of the society. The demand for suffrage represented a much more advanced program for improving women’s position. Suffragists recognized that the locus of community life had shifted away from the family and that women’s aspirations for a greater voice in the conduct of community affairs could be satisfied only by their moving into the public realm. Moreover, the demand for woman suffrage raised the prospect of sex equality in a way that proposals for domestic reforms never could. Gender in Education, Work, and Family At the work place, being a woman results in lower pay and being left out of important decision making arenas. Women have to fight the assumption that they would rather spend more time with their children than in moving up the career ladder. Women are seen as not taking their jobs as seriously as men while men are expe cted to concentrate on their jobs at the expense of their families. In the same way, gender determines the courses taken during a learning process. Approximately 95 per cent of all domestic violence victims are women. Violent attacks on women occur in almost every area of their daily lives. They are assaulted in their homes, on the streets, in the workplace, and in schools. According to the United Nations, however, all human beings are born equal and qualify to enjoy every right or freedom. Conclusion If gender relations are to be improved in the society, the discussion of cultural roles must be encouraged at different levels in society. Organizations such as Promise Keepers must be empowered to extend their services and spread messages that will drive the society to generational changes regarding gender relations. This study has allowed me to understand that gender stratification often begins from the early days of one’s life and keeps on taking different forms as time goes by. Works Cited Brinkerhoff, David, Lynn White and Suzanne Ortega. Essentials of Sociology, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Howe, Tasha. Marriages and Families in the 21st Century: A Bioecological Approach, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Print. Kornblum, William. Sociology in a Changing World, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Unger, Rhoda. Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2004. Print. This essay on Gender Stratification in Education, Work, and Family was written and submitted by user Aeg1s to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nursing admission guide Essay

Nursing admission guide Essay Nursing admission guide Essay Table of Contents Overview of Nursing Program and Tracks ..................................................................................................... 1 Background Check, Fingerprinting, and Drug Screen ................................................................................... 1-2 Important Dates ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Minimum Admission Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 3 Information Sessions ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Admission Testing ................................................................................................................................................. 4-5 Selection Procedures ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Calculation Sheet ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Program Costs ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-9 Additional Information and Resources ............................................................................................................. 10-11 Overview of Nursing Program and Tracks Thank you for your interest in the nursing program of Oakland Community College (OCC). The nursing program at OCC is rigorous and incorporates a variety of experiences. A typical week for a student might include 3-4 hours of theory lecture on Monday, two 8-hour clinical shifts in an agency setting (day or evening; some weekend rotations may be required), and three hours of lab on another day of the week. For detailed information regarding the nursing program (including policies, clinical sites, and immunization requirements) please see the Nursing Student Handbook, which is available on the nursing website. Oakland Community College offers an associate degree nursing program, which contains three tracks: The traditional track (ADN), the RNE ladder, and the transitional LPN to ADN track (TPN). Tracks Degree Nursing Background License Eligibility* Campus ADN Traditional Track Associate in Applied Science, Nursing None RN Highland Lakes RNE Track (offered in even years only) TPN Track Associate in Applied Science, Second Year Nursing Completion Modified Career Ladder Associate in Applied Science, Transitional LPN to ADN Track OCC PNE program RN Southfield graduate and Michigan LPN Licensure Non-OCC PN graduate RN Southfield and Michigan LPN Licensure *Upon successful program completion, must pass licensing examination to become licensed as a Registered Nurse (RN). Students interested in nursing should meet with a counselor for an unofficial checklist (at the Highland Lakes or Southfield Campus) and attend an information session (see page 4) as early as possible. Each program or track includes minimum admission requirements that must be completed in order to be eligible to apply to the program. Because there are typically more applicants each year than seats available, applicants who meet the requirements are not guaranteed admission. Applicants are considered for admission based on the selection processes outlined in this guide. The nursing department does not maintain a waiting list. Therefore, students who are not accepted must reapply. Background Check, Fingerprinting and Drug Screen ADMISSION After selection is completed, those students who have been invited to the nursing program will be granted conditional admittance

Project and Change Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and Change Management - Assignment Example Break Even Point Indeed, in talking about break even point, reference is being made to that time in the investment process when a balance can be reached in either making a profit or a los (Chen, and Chung, 2009). Subsequently, gain must equal loss at this point so that the marginal level of profit can be 0 on a normative scale. Noting that in our present scenario the capital injection will not be added into finding the break even point, it is important to mention however that the opportunity cost of the capital shall be accounted for. This way, the break even point can be said to be that time in the investment when gains from reduced cost of labor and increases in gross revenue per year is equated to the sum of all the expenditure cost. Should the project be accepted for financing? Generally, a project is worth accepting for financing if the cost of the capital injection is relatively less than the internal rate of return. In other words, the internal rate of return ought to be great er than the capital for the investment to be accepted as viable. To this end, as the quoted net present value on the investment has been found to be 572968 whiles the initial capital is 450,050, it can be said that the project should be accepted for financing. Question 2: Earned Value Management – Project monitoring and controlling 1. Based on the 0-100% rule, please calculate the following: a. CPI and SPI and explain what the values mean. [4 pts] The CPI strikes a ratio between the expected value and the actual value. In this present situation, the expected values are represented by the planned cost. Subsequently, CPI = ?Planned Cost/?Actual Cost = 3600/3400 = 1.06 Value for SPI is calculated based on the period for which activities that been completed according to the 100%. In this direction, SPI = Expected Value / Present Value = 600+1200+400+400)/(600+1200+400+400) = 2600/2600 = 1 b. Estimated cost at completion for the deck project

From ''Infitah of Abundance'' to ''Infitah of Poverty'' Essay

From ''Infitah of Abundance'' to ''Infitah of Poverty'' - Essay Example nationalist, Naseer’s dictatorial treatment with Syrian economic activity brought about the rebellion from army in 1959 and UAR (United Arab Republic) dissolved. UAR was a weak unification of Syria and Egypt as a result of western pressures for adopting neutral stance about Baghdad pact.1 Baathists were more aggressive in their control and army personnel gained more ground in party. Economic power was in the hands of ruling elite and shifting to military. Basthist party and Syria united apparently in 1958 but Hafiz al-Asad was also a part of this union. According to George; This unionist marriage was unhappy and in September 1961 it ended with the rightist putsch in Damascus. After 18 months of turmoil in the country†¦In 1966 the radicals staged an intra party coup. Syria’s resounding defeat by Israel in the June 1967 was, in which the Golan Heights were occupied, weakened the militant†¦The climax was another putsch stages by Asad, then defense minister, on 16 November 1970.2 Hafiz al-Asad exploited the 1967 defeat by Israel in order to unite Ba’ath part and military wing under Alawi clan, i.e, rural shi’a minority, but after Asad, it has been at the top of Syrian society. Ba’athist coup was encouraged initially but it showed little results; few banks and industry was nationalized, land reform extension and state established a monopoly in 1963.However, these steps were biased and to target elite to curb the anti-regime activities in 1964,and in case of land reforms, to bless Baathist coup origin, i.e., peasantry. For development, an intensive program was developed in which state investment was established to be the key driving force of economic activity in all sectors. Agriculture was focused in order to raise the living standards in rural Syria, and encouraged to run by state irrigation schemes and import substitution was boosted. Roads, railways construction were planned in collaboration with the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc with the help of

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Ethical Marketing Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry Ethical marketing refers to the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process. Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally sensitive business community. The establishment of marketing ethics has the potential to benefit society as a whole, both in the short- and long-term. Ethical marketing should be part of business ethics in the sense that marketing forms a significant part of any business model. Marketing strategy can be arranged into five categories, (1) Physicians-targeted promotions, (2) direct-to-consumer advertising, (3) unethical recruitment of physicians, (4) researchers conflicts of interest, and (5) data manipulation in clinical trials. Drug companies promotions subconsciously influence physicians prescription patterns. Heavy advertising to consumers results in more prescriptions being written, whether or not the new drug is in the best interests of patients, and therefore strongly correlates with sales increases for the promoted new drug. It has been estimated that pharmaceutical companies spend Rs.7 Billions every year prompting their product to Physician in Pakistan. Although pharmaceutical marketing strategies are primarily directed toward practicing physicians and residents, medical student are targeted as well. The goal of this study is to asses the importance of ethical marketing strategies of pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. A questionnaire is design to assess the attitudes of Doctors and pharmaceutical professionals about pharmaceutical promotion, including the acceptability of receiving various gifts, foreign and local sponsorships, and incentives. In this study, Pharmaceutical market will be direct variable, marketing strategies will be indirect variable where as doctors and Pharmaceutical representatives will be population. The scale will use from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Total 180 Questionnaire will be distributed by the researcher. Rresearcher will elaborate here the different choices of m ethodology that have been adopted in this research paper. Research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly. Problem and Its Background Introduction Mark Twain once remarked: Always try to do the right thing. It will surprise a lot of people. And it will astonish the rest. There has long been a close relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative. These representatives often visit physician offices to discuss their products, provides free samples, and offer gifts. According to industry estimates, pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009. Approximately 25% of this amount was spend on detailing to doctors, 4% on hospital detailing, 2% on journal ads, 56% on samples, and 12.5% on direct-to-consumer advertisement. The precision and the worth of drug advertisements has been the subject of debate for more than a century now. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, promotion refers to all the informational and convincing activities of manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medicinal drugs. Drug promotion and marketing make up a very large part of the activities of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. For the drug promotion, in addition to other activities, companies usually use the written material supposedly showing all the good and bad aspects about the concerned drug. These advertisements can be highly informative as long as they are critically appraised. However, when these are accepted without any question, can contribute to illogical prescribing. Ideally, drug promotional literature should provide health care professionals with considerable information. However, the information contained in promotional material may be inadequate or altogether inaccurate Undoubtedly, the pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. Being a member state of the United Nations Organization, efforts to regulate drug promotions in Pakistan were also initiated with the proliferation of the Drug Licensing, Registering and Advertising Rules by the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan. However, there is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan despite the fact that there is enough evidence that logical drug utilization problems are increasingly encountered even in developed countries due to unethical practices of pharmaceutical promotion. Since promotional activities influence the prescribing behaviour of the health care providers, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. Internationally, aspects of contents in pharmaceutical advertising pertinent to evidence based decision-making have been studied. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and whether such c laims are supported by evidence, has not been studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the medicinal products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations but are not followed by National companies. All Multinational organizations in Pakistan are following the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA) code of conduct and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) code of conduct. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations is the global nonprofit NGO representing the research-based pharmaceutical, biotech and vaccine sectors. All the Multinational pharmaceuticals companies running in Pakistan are members of this NGO and bound to follow the code of ethics. Definition of Construct Ethical Marketing Strategies in pharmaceutical industry are the tools and techniques to sell medicines ethically. The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. Background Information The researcher is working as Field Manger in Roche Pakistan Ltd since last three and half years. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel, a Switzerland research based multinational organization that is running its businesses in more than 70 countries of 6 continents of the world. Halfman La Roche started it business in 1886 from Basel Switzerland from multivitamins medicines to new innovative biotechnology products. In 1946 they discovered metabolic and antibiotics product. In 1980, they discovered anxiolitic and psychiatric medicines. In 1990s, they discovered cancer and hepatitis medicines. Now Halfman La Roche Basel has discovered 100 more molecules that are in different phases of clinical trails for different diseases. Roche Pakistan Ltd started its operation in Pakistan in 1982. Initially they imported their products and sell in the Pakistan Market but they started their manufacturing in Pakistan in 2001. Now Roche Pakistan Ltd selling its product in 8 segments in Pakistani pharmaceutical market that are; Hepatitis Cancer Transplant Anaemia Antibiotics Antihypertensive Metabolic Diseases Diagnostic Halfman La Roche is at 4th ranking world wide in pharmaceutical industry and is Market leader in Hepatitis, Cancer, Transplant and Anaemia, Metabolic diseases and Diagnostic. The annual sale is CHF. 49051 Millions grew by 10% and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions that grew by 6%. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. The free cash flow in 2009 was 8893 that was 79% more than 2008. The total employee of Roche are 81507. Out of them 80115 are permanent. The Sales contribution is more from US that is 38% than West Europe that is 28%. Since pharmaceutical marketing activities influence the prescribing behaviour of doctors, it is of utmost importance to critically analyze the claims made in the promotional material of the drugs. The extent to which pharmaceutical companies promote the merits of their products and relevant clinical trails provide to doctors are not studied in Pakistan. The results of the present analytical study show that unethical and biased claims regarding the pharmaceutical products are uncontrolled in Pakistan. These drug promotions influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners, Consultants thus accounting for one of the potentially major causes of illogical prescription. Roche Pakistan Ltd is a Member of IFPMA and PMA and follow their ethical business guidelines to sell its products. Roche Paksitan Ltd is at 6th ranking in Pakistan Pharmaceutical Market and its annual sale is Rs. 5.2 Billions in 2009 in Pakistan. Problem Statement Unethical Marketing strategies effect the prescribing habit of doctors that can lead to serious life threatening results for patients. Research Questions Research Q 1: What Ethical Marketing Strategies formulated for business in pharmaceutical industry? Research Q 2: What type of studies should be formulated? Research Q 3: what are the Marketing strategies that effect the decision making criteria of doctors.? 1.6 Research Objectives To find out the problem associated with unethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. To enlist the ethical strategies that will not effect the decision making criteria of doctors. Hypothesis Ho: There is no relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. H1: There is relationship between ethical marketing strategies and unethical marketing strategies. Scope and Limitations of Study Scope of the research: As this research will be carried out with in single organization that is Roche Pakistan Ltd, based on the population from the different pharmaceuticals representative and doctors so the targeted low population narrows down the scope of the study. Limitations: Following limitation may also be observed during the research procedure and methodology adopted in collection of data from the resources within the organization: Data will be collected only from those respondent who directly and indirectly involved in the decision making process at different levels. Researcher may lave limited access to all authorities in respondent. Respondent may not responded answer due to tight schedule Respondent may not have proper information about variable and their relationship. respondent personal liking and disliking may create some biasness. Respondent may feel hesitation while attempting to questions Respondent may have personal reservations in responding to some questions relevant to their field or job. As the population under study is lessened to 132 respondent only, hence the scale of the study is restricted. Due to inadequate time, Research may cover and pass influential information only Data will be collected by the researcher himself. It is not possible to cover all variables. Significance of the research The study will explore that how the marketing strategies effect the decision making process of healthcare professionals. This research will also helpful to understand the importance of ethical marketing strategies. It will elaborate the impact of ethical marketing strategies on patients life. Moreover another aspect of this study is to elaborate the significance of ethical pharmaceutical strategies for doctor, pharmaceuticals industry and patients. It will assist to confirm that following the ethical marketing codes in pharmaceutical industry not only save the cost of patients but also life. It will also increase the moral and dignity of doctors also. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Ethical marketing is the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process (Patrick, 2005). Ethical marketing generally results in a more socially responsible and culturally responsive business community (Eugene, 1978). Pharmaceutical strategy can be arranged into five categories (Brownlee, April 2004). Heavy pharmaceuticfal promotional activities to doctors results in more prescriptions being written (Elliott, Oct 2004). It has been estimated that 85-90% of doctors in Pakistan see to pharmaceutical representative (Gutknecht, 2001). pharmaceutical promotional expenditure in Pakistan amounted to Rs.7 Billions in 2009 (Gutknecht, 2001). (WHO) criteria for medicinal drug promotion, Marketing Strategies by Pharmaceutical companies is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and / or use of medical drugs, (WHO 33rd World Health Assembly, May 1986). The pharmaceutical promotional activities have powerful influences on prescribing behaviour of the doctors although this influence may be more hidden rather than explicit. (Lexchin, 1999). There is no mechanism to monitor the drug promotional campaign by pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan (Lober, 1993). Pakistan Medical Association has developed Ethical Code of conduct for Doctors and pharmaceutical organizations (www.jpma.gov.pk). International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) has developed code of conduct for pharmaceutical organizations. (www.ifpma.org). The strategy must be such that it doesnt not influence the decision making criteria of doctors. (Lober, 1993). Roche Pakistan Ltd is a member of Halfman La Roche Basel (www.roche.com). The annual sale of Roche is CHF. 49051 Millions and operating profit in 2009 was 15012 Millions. Roche is invested CHF. 9874 Millions on RD in 2009. (www.roche.com). In 2002, the pharmaceutical industry spent $15.63 billion on promotions, which include free office supplies, all-expenses-paid events, sales representatives, and awards to physicians (Parker, 2003). A 10-year study of internists at seven university hospitals, published in 1990, found that frequent contact with sales representatives also changed prescription practice (Israel, 2003). New drugs are not time tested; their long-term effects are unknown; many patients who can be just as effectively treated with less expensive, older drugs are risking their health when using newer drugs (Elliott, 2004). Dr. Drummond Rennie, Deputy Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, stated, I suppose I had about 20 at one time (Spears, 2003,). Brett and Colleagues found that physicians make distinction about the ethical acceptability of drug company gifts ( Brett, 2003). Drug information provided by pharmaceutical representative and drug advertisements are inaccurate ( Wilkes, 1992). Medical practitioners are dependent on the pharmaceutical industry for much of their drug information in Pakistan (Ahmad,1990). Unethical practices regarding the medicinal drug promotion are uncontrolled in Pakistan and it is suggested that physicians should be careful and decisive in assessment of advertised claims of greater efficacy, safety or convenience made by the pharmaceutical companies (Ahmad, 1990). Gifts DinnerNetwork Diagram Samples Pharmaceutical Market Doctors à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ International Trip Clinical Trails Cash Chapter 3 Research Methodology In order to answer the research questions mentioned in chapter 1, researcher will elaborate here the different choices of methodology that have been adopted in this research paper. For historical viewpoint, I will conduct a Qualitative (content based) study of the previous researches on the role ethical marketing strategies in pharmaceutical industry. For present view, I will conduct a Quantitative (based on survey) analysis. 3.1 Population In the given research study, the population will be all employees of Roche Pakistan Ltd, Doctors of Medical Unit Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore. 3.2 Sample The sample will consist of both males and females, Seniors and Juniors Doctors, pharmaceutical representative. According to the designations of the respondents their qualifications, professional experience, age will vary. 3.3 Sampling Technique/Strategy: In order to select the sample from the target population i.e. Roche Pakistan Ltd, Sir Gangaram Hospital Lahore, Non-Probability Convenience (purposive) sampling technique will be used. 3.4 Sample Size For the present study sample size will consist of 132 respondents (Pharmaceutical Representative, Doctors and Chemist). 3.5 Survey Instrument A questionnaire (English language) will be designed to collect the required Information. All the questions will be close-ended. A Cover letter to highlight the purpose of the study and instructions to fill the questionnaire, and a Demographic Data Sheet will be prepared and attached with the Questionnaire as well. 3.6 Data Collection The data for the proposed study will be collected through sell-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire will be circulated, explained and collected by the researcher himself. The questionnaire will be based on Likert Scale and will have five levels of responses against every question from the respondent. Since the company contains different hierarchies of employees and management so the respondents will be categories and manipulated accordingly. The five levels of responses will be: 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Undecided/ Neutral 4. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree 3.7 Pre-Testing Before the full scale administration of the questionnaire it will also be pre-tested on a  very small segment of the population (10-15 respondents) so that any ambiguity in  any question/s can be dealt with. CHAPTER 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation Available research soft ware for social sciences i.e. SPSS. Will be uses for analysis on Data collected for the proposed research study. Statistical and Arithmetical formulae Correlation or Regression will be applied as per demand and need of the study. Statistical tables and graphs / figures will also be obtained / drawn if needed. CHAPTER 5 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations In order to achieve the basic purposes and objectives of the proposed research study, research-findings based on data analysis will be discussed in general and exclusively. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made accordingly.

The State of US-EU Relations Essay -- International Relations Europe A

The State of US-EU Relations Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to speak to you today on the unfortunately precarious state of affairs between the United States and Europe. As you all know, hegemonic power has shifted between European nations for centuries, while the United States did not emerge as such an influential entity until after World War II. Since these post-war reconstructive years, the United States has continued to grow in social, economic, political, and diplomatic strength, thus cementing its role as a major international power. Although Europe came out of the war battered and bruised, it rose up out of the ashes, and surpassed its former glory to start yet another chapter in its historical saga. After Europe got back on its feet, the European Union was created, which is undoubtedly a major modern success story. The US and the EU have achieved high levels of development and stability that have led them to take on both regional and global leadership roles. Representatives from both bodies work side by side in the creation and implementation of policy in organizations such as the UN and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Unfortunately, this rosy picture of harmonious relations is more than a little bit idealistic. To say that there have not been times of tension and strife between the US and the EU would obviously be incorrect. Even to say, that the days of friction and discord are over would be a fallacy, because certain issues continue to put a strain on US-EU relations. In order to detail the â€Å"why† for the current state of US-EU relations, I will first talk about how past and present conflicts and failures of policy have been caused by fundamenta... ...lliance has been a critical component of the international system for the past five decade†¦ [but] the transatlantic relationship is now under serious strain†¦Cooperation across the Atlantic will remain critical for addressing the regional and increasingly global challenges likely to be central in the twenty-first century†¦Despite the forces pushing apart the two sides of the Atlantic, the United States and Europe still have compatible interests and complementary capabilities†¦[and] virtually every objective that Americans and Europeans seek will be easier to attain if they work together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 15 Thank you very much for allowing me to speak today on the Atlantic Rift and the State of US-EU Relations. I hope to see you all again, as the United States and the European Union work through their differences, and continue to come together at the global bargaining table.